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Hanshaw, B.B.; Back, W. |
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Title |
Deciphering hydrological systems by means of geochemical processes |
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Journal Article |
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1985 |
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Hydrological Sciences Journal |
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30 |
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2 |
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257-271 |
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The distribution of permeability and chemical character of groundwater in carbonate aquifers is significantly influenced by the many diagenetic processes
and reactions that occur in the early development of these rocks. Many of these diagenetic processes occur in the transition zone formed as the carbonate sediments emerge from the marine environment and become fresh-water aquifers. Analyses of trace elements and isotopes
indicate that calcite cements and dolomites are formed in this groundwater mixing zone. Reverse reactions such as mineral dissolution and dedolomitization occur in carbonate aquifer systems. The geochemical reactivity of the fresh-water/salt-water mixing zone results from the nonlinearity of geochemical parameters as a function of ionic strength and causes extensive dissolution in coastal carbonate rocks. Interpretation of geochemical reactions and isotopic composition of groundwater provides a method to determine hydrological parameters
such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and groundwater flow rates. This geochemical method is largely independent of the more conventional approach of determining these parameters by an evaluation of physical properties of aquifer systems. |
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0262-6667 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Hanshaw1985 |
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25 |
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Author |
Hanshaw, B.B.; Back, W. |
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Title |
Major geochemical processes in the evolution of carbonate—Aquifer systems |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1979 |
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Journal of Hydrology |
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43 |
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1 |
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287-312 |
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As a result of recent advances by carbonate petrologists and geochemists, hydrologists are provided with new insights into the origin and explanation of many aquifer characteristics and hydrologic phenomena. Some major advances include the recognition that: (1) most carbonate sediments are of biological origin; (2) they have a strong bimodal size-distribution; and (3) they originate in warm shallow seas. Although near-surface ocean water is oversaturated with respect to calcite, aragonite, dolomite and magnesite, the magnesium-hydration barrier effectively prevents either the organic or inorganic formation of dolomite and magnesite. Therefore, calcareous plants and animals produce only calcite and aragonite in hard parts of their bodies. Most carbonate aquifers that are composed of sand-size material have a high initial porosity; the sand grains that formed these aquifers originated primarily as small shells, broken shell fragments of larger invertebrates, or as chemically precipitated oolites. Carbonate rocks that originated as fine-grained muds were initially composed primarily of aragonite needles precipitated by algae and have extremely low permeability that requires fracturing and dissolution to develop into aquifers. Upon first emergence, most sand beds and reefs are good aquifers; on the other hand, the clay-sized carbonate material initially has high porosity but low permeability, a poor aquifer property. Without early fracture development in response to influences of tectonic activity these calcilutites would not begin to develop into aquifers. As a result of selective dissolution, inversion of the metastable aragonite to calcite, and recrystallization, the porosity is collected into larger void spaces, which may not change the overall porosity, but greatly increases permeability. Another major process which redistributes porosity and permeability in carbonates is dolomitization, which occurs in a variety of environments. These environments include back-reefs, where reflux dolomites may form, highly alkaline, on-shore and continental lakes, and sabkha flats; these dolomites are typically associated with evaporite minerals. However, these processes cannot account for most of the regionally extensive dolomites in the geologic record. A major environment of regional dolomitization is in the mixing zone (zone of dispersion) where profound changes in mineralogy and redistribution of porosity and permeability occur from the time of early emergence and continuing through the time when the rocks are well-developed aquifers. The reactions and processes, in response to mixing waters of differing chemical composition, include dissolution and precipitation of carbonate minerals in addition to dolomitization. An important control on permeability distribution in a mature aquifer system is the solution of dolomite with concomitant precipitation of calcite in response to gypsum dissolution (dedolomitization). Predictive models developed by mass-transfer calculations demonstrate the controlling reactions in aquifer systems through the constraints of mass balance and chemical equilibrium. An understanding of the origin, chemistry, mineralogy and environments of deposition and accumulation of carbonate minerals together with a comprehension of diagenetic processes that convert the sediments to rocks and geochemical, tectonic and hydrologic phenomena that create voids are important to hydrologists. With this knowledge, hydrologists are better able to predict porosity and permeability distribution in order to manage efficiently a carbonate—aquifer system. |
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0022-1694 |
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THL @ christoph.kuells @ Hanshaw1979 |
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26 |
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Herckenrath*, D.; Langevin, C.D.; Doherty, J. |
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Title |
Predictive uncertainty analysis of a saltwater intrusion modelusing null‐space Monte Carlo |
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2011 |
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Water Resour. Res. |
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47 |
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05504 |
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CUT @ phaedon.kyriakidis @ Herckenrath2011 |
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150 |
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Hermans*, T.; Vandenbohede, A.; Lebbe, L.; Martin, R.; Kemna, A.; Beaujean, J.; Nguyen, F. |
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Imaging artificial salt water infiltration using electrical resistivity tomographyconstrained by geostatistical data |
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2012 |
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J. Hydrol. |
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438–439 |
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168-180 |
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CUT @ phaedon.kyriakidis @ hermans2012 |
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111 |
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Author |
Herut, B.; Starinsky, A.; Katz, A. |
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Title |
Strontium in rainwater from Israel: sources, isotopes and chemistry |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Earth and Planetary Science Letters |
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120 |
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1-2 |
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77-84 |
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Eighteen ram samples from Israel have been analyzed for their chemical composmon and S7Sr/S6Sr ratios The Sr-Isotoplc rahos lie In the range 0 7078 and 0 7092, and the Sr concentrations vary from 1 × 10 -4 to 9 x 10 4 meq Sr/l.
Soluble salts in rainwater are inherited from three major natural sources, seaspray, Recent marine minerals and mineral dust eroded from rock outcrops and soft A mixing model is formulated to apply the chemical composmon of rain (CI and Sr 2+) and ~ts isotopic 87Sr/S6Sr ratio, for the identification and est~mahon of the Sr sources.
All the samples fall within the m~xing space predicted by the model for the three end members mentioned above The data indicate that the most important non-seaspray source contributing d~ssolved salts to the rams m Israel comprises a mixture of Senoman to Eocene chalk (and its weathering products) and Recent marine minerals, from local and imported sources.
Most of the samples (67%) contain 50% or more non-seaspray Sr 0 e, Sr dissolved from dust or Recent marine minerals), whereas 56% of the samples display 87Sr/86Sr ratios lower than 0 7090. The rest represent mixtures of seaspray and Recent marine minerals. |
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Elsevier |
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THL @ luqianxue.zhang @ herut1993strontium |
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95 |
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