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Carrera*, J., Hidalgo, J. J., Slooten, L. J., & Vázquez-Suñé, E. (2010). Computational and conceptual issues in the calibration of seawater intrusion models. Hydrogeol. J., 18, 131–145.
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Mihajlidi-Zelić, A., Deršek-Timotić, I., Relić, D., Popović, A., & Đorđević, D. (2006). Contribution of marine and continental aerosols to the content of major ions in the precipitation of the central Mediterranean. Science of the total environment, 370(2-3), 441–451.
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Liu, F., Wang, S., Wang, L., Shi, L., Song, X., Yeh, T. - C. J., et al. (2019). Coupling hydrochemistry and stable isotopes to identify the major factors affecting groundwater geochemical evolution in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 205.
Abstract: Understanding the interference of natural processes and anthropogenic activities in geochemical evolution of groundwater is vital for groundwater sustainable management in water-stressed regions. This study is devoted to the identification of the main factors controlling the evolution of groundwater chemistry by the combined use of hydrogeochemical indicators along with isotope tracers in the Heilongdong Spring Basin, North China. Thirty-nine groundwater samples and twelve surface water samples were collected, and major ions and stable isotopes were measured during the two campaigns (December 2017 and August 2018). The isotope approach indicates that the groundwater is recharged by precipitation infiltration after evaporation, and interacts with surface water along preferential flow paths in fault zones and karst conduits. Currently, the main chemical facies of groundwater evolve from Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 types with low TDS, through Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-HCO3-SO4 types with moderate TDS, to Ca-SO4, Ca-SO4-Cl and CaCl types with high TDS. Apart from natural processes (involving dissolution/precipitation of minerals, cation exchange, and evaporation) regulating the groundwater quality, the stagnant zones also play a crucial role in the formation of severe localized nitrate contamination. The deterioration in groundwater quality can be attributed to anthropogenic factors (including the change in groundwater exploitation, the leaching of solid waste, and the overuse of agricultural fertilizers). The high loads of agricultural fertilizers in irrigation return flows are likely to be the main contributor of the dissolved nitrate in groundwater. The findings of this work not only have important implications for groundwater sustainable utilization, but also could serve as a template for other rapidly industrialized and water-stressed regions.
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Hanshaw, B. B., & Back, W. (1985). Deciphering hydrological systems by means of geochemical processes. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 30(2), 257–271.
Abstract: The distribution of permeability and chemical character of groundwater in carbonate aquifers is significantly influenced by the many diagenetic processes
and reactions that occur in the early development of these rocks. Many of these diagenetic processes occur in the transition zone formed as the carbonate sediments emerge from the marine environment and become fresh-water aquifers. Analyses of trace elements and isotopes
indicate that calcite cements and dolomites are formed in this groundwater mixing zone. Reverse reactions such as mineral dissolution and dedolomitization occur in carbonate aquifer systems. The geochemical reactivity of the fresh-water/salt-water mixing zone results from the nonlinearity of geochemical parameters as a function of ionic strength and causes extensive dissolution in coastal carbonate rocks. Interpretation of geochemical reactions and isotopic composition of groundwater provides a method to determine hydrological parameters
such as porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and groundwater flow rates. This geochemical method is largely independent of the more conventional approach of determining these parameters by an evaluation of physical properties of aquifer systems.
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Varouchakis, E. A., Theodoridou, P. G., & Karatzas, G. P. (2020). Decision-making tool for groundwater level spatial distribution and risk assessment using geostatistics in R. J. Hazard. Toxic Radioact. Waste, 24 (1), 04019031.
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