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Rajabi, M. M., & Ataie-Ashtiani, B. (2014). Sampling efficiency in Monte Carlo based uncertainty propagation strategies: Application in seawater intrusion simulations. Adv. Water Resour., 67, 46–64.
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Qi, H., Ma, C., He, Z., Hu, X., & Gao, L. (2019). Lithium and its isotopes as tracers of groundwater salinization: A study in the southern coastal plain of Laizhou Bay, China. Sci Total Environ, 650(Pt 1), 878–890.
Abstract: In the southern coastal plain of Laizhou Bay, due to intensive exploitation of groundwater since the early 1970s, the shallow aquifer has been severely influenced by saltwater intrusion, which causes the extraction to shift from shallow to deeper aquifer changing the hydrogeological condition greatly. This study was conducted to investigate the groundwater salinization using hydrochemistry and H, O and Li isotope data. Dissolved Li shows a linear correlation with Cl and Br in seawater, brine and saline groundwater indicating the marine Li source, whereas the enrichment of Li in surface water, brackish and fresh groundwater is impacted by dissolution of silicate minerals. The analyses of hydrochemistry and isotopes (H, O and Li) indicate that brine originated from seawater evaporation, followed by mixing processes and some water-rock interactions; shallow saline groundwater originated from brine diluted with seawater and fresh groundwater; deep saline groundwater originated from seawater intrusion. The negative correlation of δ(7)Li and Li/Na in surface water, brackish and fresh groundwater is contrary to the general conclusion, indicating the slow weathering of silicate minerals and hydraulic interaction between surface water and shallow groundwater in this area. The analyses of hydrochemistry and isotopes (Li, H and O) can well identify the salinity sources and isotope fractionation in groundwater flow and mixing, especially groundwater with high TDS. As both mixing with saltwater and isotope fractionation can explain the combination of high δ(7)Li and low TDS in brackish groundwater, isotope fractionation may limit their use in recognizing salinity sources of groundwater with low TDS.
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Pulido-Leboeuf, P., Pulido-Bosch, A., Calvache, M. L., Vallejos, Á., & Andreu, J. M. (2003). Strontium, SO42-/Cl- and Mg2+/Ca2+ ratios as tracers for the evolution of seawater into coastal aquifers: the example of Castell de Ferro aquifer (SE Spain). Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 335(14), 1039–1048.
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Priyanka*, B. N., & Mohan Kumar, M. S. (2017). Direct and inverse modeling of seawater intrusion: A Perspective. J. Geol. Soc. India, 90, 595–601.
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Post, V. E. A., Houben, G. J., & van Engelen, J. (2018). What is the Ghijben-Herzberg principle and who formulated it? Hydrogeology Journal, 26(6), 1801–1807.
Abstract: It has been suggested in a number of historical notes that it was neither Willem Badon Ghijben nor Alexander Herzberg who formulated the famous principle now carrying their name, which relates the water-table elevation to the depth of the freshwater saltwater interface in coastal aquifers. In this paper, a systematic review of the literature pre-dating the publication of their work is presented. The aim is to establish to what extent these previous works captured the essence of the Ghijben-Herzberg principle, that is, the combination of a correct conceptual model of the hydrogeological conditions with a quantitative relationship. It was found that references to coastal fresh groundwater reserves can be traced back to Roman times, while the earliest detailed descriptions of a freshwater lens that could be found dates from the eighteenth century. The correct understanding of the hydrostatic equilibrium between fresh and salt groundwater is evident in works from the early nineteenth century. However, it was Badon Ghijben and Herzberg who combined this with the correct understanding of the groundwater conditions of a freshwater lens. It was further found that Herzberg had already recorded his findings in 1888 in a hand-written report, confirming speculation that such a report might exist.
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